Estimation of Transmission Line Parameters Using Voltage-Current Measurements and Whale Optimization Algorithm

Real-time estimation of transmission line (TL) parameters is essential for proper management and distribution networks. These can be used to detect incipient faults within the hence avoid any potential consequences. While some attempts found in literature estimate TL parameters, presented techniques are either complex or impractical. Moreover, none published so far implemented real time. This paper presents a cost-effective technique The proposed employs easily accessible voltage current data measured at both ends line. For simplicity, only one quarter sampled utilized developed objective function that solved using whale optimization algorithm (WOA) parameters. comprises sum square errors corresponding estimated values. robustness tested on simple two-bus IEEE 14-bus systems. impact uncertainties including magnitude, phase, communication delay performance also investigated. Results reveal effectiveness method time variations due abnormal fault events.